Causes and Symptoms of Diabetes and its Prevention Tips For You Avoid Diabetes

Diabetes (or diabetes mellitus) is a chronic illness that makes a person's body abnormalities in processing the energy obtained from food. There are 3 types of diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Diabetes is a condition caused by a deficiency or insufficient supply of insulin in the body. Insulin is a hormone that created by the pancreas. This hormone acts as a key to the door to body cells which will then be made of sugar (glucose) to enter the cells.

A person's body automatically keeps blood sugar at normal levels. After eating foods containing carbohydrates, sugar is absorbed by the blood very quickly. The amount of blood absorbed by the blood will not be too high, but also not too low. Two hormones that act, namely insulin and glucagon, which is produced in the pancreas, will always control a person's blood sugar levels.

In diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin slightly, thus making sugar in the blood cannot get into muscle and other cells to produce energy. If this happens, sugar accumulates in the bloodstream, which then would lead to high blood sugar levels (diabetes).

Diabetes Type 1

Type 1 diabetes

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is one of the rare cases of diabetes. At the very least, only about 10% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is a type of diabetes that is caused by abnormalities of organs. In patients with type 1 diabetes, the antibodies in the body to attack the pancreas, which then causes damage to the pancreas so that the pancreas can not produce insulin.

There are several ways to treat type 1 diabetes, is by giving insulin tablets or insulin injections. Even so, the most common insulin delivery is using an injection. This is because when drunk, a drug will be digested in the stomach as the food so could not get into the blood.

Type 1 diabetics are usually taught to inject themselves with insulin. Inoculation is done in body tissue with a fairly thick layer of fat, such as thighs and abdomen.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

1. High blood sugar

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) are the main factors that lead to diabetes occur in a person. There are 2 types of hyperglycemia, namely fasting hyperglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia.

Fasting hyperglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar reaches more than 130 mg / dL (milligrams per deciliter) when the person is not drinking and eating for at least 8 hours. Meanwhile, postprandial hyperglycemia is a condition where blood sugar reached more than 180 mg / dL after 2 hours of a person eats.

2. Weight loss
weight loss or weight loss is a normal thing. However, if the body weight decreased significantly, it could be a sign of illness.

In people with diabetes, lack of insulin causes the body does not derive energy from food. So that when this happens, the body begins to burn stored fat to convert into energy. This can lead to weight loss.

3. Often feel hungry

This excessive hunger in the world of medicine known as polyphagia. Hunger in people with diabetes is generally caused by drugs consumed by people which causes blood sugar levels down.

4. Often feel thirsty
polydipsia is a medical term that describes the circumstances in which a person feels excessive thirst. This is usually caused by several things, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, loss of blood, or dehydration.

Most people Esophageal Type 1 Diabetes Risk

1. Genetic factors
Genetic factors and family history is one of the influential and make a person has a higher risk of developing diabetes type 1. If someone in your family has diabetes type 1, then you should immediately consult yours.

2. Age under 14 years old
Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, most of the detected type 1 diabetes in children aged between 4 and 7 years old, and children aged between 10-14 years.

Complications in Type 1 Diabetes

1. Kidney failure

Diabetes will make a little piece of blood vessels in the body wounds. If this occurs in the blood vessels in the kidney, the kidney will not be able to clean the blood.

The patient's body will retain more water and salt than it should, which then will lead to weight gain and swelling in the ankle.

2. Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular)
Surveys show that people with diabetes have a risk of 4-6 times higher mortality from the heart attack. A study says that there is a reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance with high blood pressure.

If the patient is suffering from both diseases, the risk of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases will be two-fold.

3. Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy) is a condition that can occur in diabetics. The disease causes damage to the retina.

Diabetes damages the blood vessels in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy will occur if the blood and various other fluids out of the small blood vessels. This will cause the tissue of the retina to swell, causing the view becomes blurred. This condition usually affects both eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the more likely they are to get diabetes retinopathy.

4. Injuries to the diabetic foot
wounds legs that occur in diabetics, in general, will form ulcers. The ulcer is usually caused by pressure or friction feet with shoes that do not fit, injured by walking barefoot, or injured because there are foreign objects in the shoe (eg, gravel). Infections are usually caused by a bacterial entry through the cracks of the wound, causing ulcers.

Foot wounds that do not heal are due to high blood sugar levels that make the blood curdle in the arteries and cause blood vessels narrow.

This blood vessel will decrease blood flow that brings oxygen and various other important nutrients that are used to accelerate wound healing.

Diabetes Type 2

Diabetes Type 2

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes

In contrast to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas can not produce insulin or can produce insulin, but in very small amounts. In addition, type 2 diabetes can also occur when the body can not respond to insulin which then causes a condition that called "insulin resistance".

When the body does not have enough insulin or can not use insulin properly, sugar (glucose) cannot enter into the cell body, so it will accumulate in the bloodstream. When the accumulation of sugar in the bloodstream, it will cause damage to various organs.

The risk of a person suffering from type 2 diabetes would be higher if he had aged 45 years or older. In addition, family history of disease will also affect. Some studies also show that ethnic Asians have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than ethnic American.

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are generally the same as the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by weight loss, very thirsty, urine to leak more than usual, and also always felt exhausted.

In type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar levels caused by patients eat too much and do not take the drug regularly.

Complications in Type 2 Diabetes

High levels of blood sugar in the body of the patient, when left in the long term, will cause damage to the heart and blood vessels ( cardiovascular disease ), kidney, eye, and is also harmful to the pregnancy.

In addition, type 2 diabetes will also cause disturbances in nerve function and prolong healing of the wound.

Correct Handling Diabetes

1. Often sports

During exercise, the body needs oxygen will increase and will be higher if the exercise to build muscle. The American Diabetes Association recommends a normal person (without diabetes) to exercise ranging from heating to cooling.

Heating is carried out for 5-10 minutes with aerobic exercise (walking, cycling, etc.). After warming up, do stretching exercises for 5-10 minutes, then continued cooling of the same duration.

Meanwhile, people with type 1 diabetes must avoid exercise if blood glucose levels exceeding 250 mg/dl. Patients also have to control blood sugar levels before and after exercise, as well as observing the response of blood sugar levels in different types of sports.

For patients with type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to do an analysis of the type of exercise that is needed and also other complications that are owned by the patient.

2. The right diet
The right diet will help patients to maintain blood sugar levels. People with diabetes should at least consume foods and receive proper nutrition.

Diabetes (dot) UK recommends patients with diabetes to be diligent eating fruits and vegetables at least five servings per day. Colored fruits are also considered to have a vitamin and mineral content is higher.

In addition, fiber foods are also needed diabetics. Potatoes, rice, pasta, and bread are foods that contain carbohydrates. In the body, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. From now on, the consumption of wheat bread and brown rice to replace rice.

3. Insulin therapy

NCBI - National Institutes of Health states that insulin therapy is the latest way that made 10-15 years after a patient is diagnosed with diabetes. This is due to the pain that occurs during the injection, the risk of hypoglycemia (decrease in blood sugar levels), as well as weight gain.

If necessary, insulin therapy, the dose of insulin to patients with type 2 diabetes will be less than sufferers type 1 diabetes.

4. Consumption of antidiabetic drugs
Eating a diabetes drug is the most common treatment performed on diabetics. Some diabetes drugs work in different ways, therefore, always consult your doctor and it continues to monitor your blood sugar response to the types of drugs consumed.

How To Prevent Diabetes

There are several easy ways to prevent diabetes. Quoted from the School of Public Health Harvard, here are some ways you can do to prevent diabetes:

1. Weight control. A person who is obese will have a risk of 20 to 40 times more likely to develop diabetes. Meanwhile, weight control will reduce a person's risk of developing diabetes 7-10%.
2. Exercise regularly. Exercising will reduce the level of stress on the body's organs and helps the organs of the body to work optimally.
3. Make a healthy diet by eating fruits and vegetables regularly and also replace your white rice with brown rice or whole grain bread.
4. Quit smoking. Smoking is one cause of complications in all organs of the body. Someone who is addicted to smoking has a 50% higher risk of developing diabetes than those who do not smoke.

Diabetes in Pregnancy (Gestational Diabetes)

Diabetes in pregnant women is often referred to as gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a condition where the body of pregnant women suffers from glucose intolerance. According to US Pharmacist Medscape, a mother who was diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a 50% chance of suffering from diabetes mellitus for 20 years after being diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes risk for the mother and fetus. High levels of blood sugar will lead to a transfer of sugar is also high in the fetus, which then leads to diseases of excess insulin (hyperinsulinemia) as well as the growing size of the fetus. The fetal size that is too large will cause birth trauma (the incidence of injuries to the organs of the body due to give birth), spending the fetus by Caesarean section, and the long-term risk-intolerant sugar and obesity.

In addition, gestational diabetes can also lead to other complications in the fetus, which is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels in the body), hyperbilirubinemia (high levels of bilirubin, causing the baby's body is yellow), respiratory system disorders, heart failure and hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood).

Causes of Gestational Diabetes

During pregnancy, the body will increase resistance to insulin (resistance) and will also increase the secretion of insulin by the pancreas to the development of pregnancy. Insulin resistance was started in mid-pregnancy and will continue until the end of pregnancy.

Pregnant woman's body will secrete insulin from 200 to 250% to keep blood sugar levels, and if the level of insulin secretion is lower than it should be, pregnant women will suffer from gestational diabetes.

The cause of gestational diabetes can be classified into three, namely autoimmune (a condition where the immune system is impaired and then attack the body's own tissues), monogenic (offspring), and a family history of suffering from insulin resistance.

In addition to 3 above causes, gestational diabetes can also occur due to obesity which will then lead to insulin resistance.

Monitoring During Pregnancy

Gestational diabetes provides adverse risk pregnant women and their babies. For that, there should be supervision during pregnancy. The American Diabetes Association says some things that should be monitored during pregnancy, including:

1. Checks itself on blood sugar levels every day and consult your physician how normal blood sugar levels for pregnant women.
2. Checking blood sugar levels in the urine will not detect gestational diabetes. However, ketones in the urine can help pregnant women to detect total calories or carbohydrates in pregnant women who are restricting calorie intake.
3. Supervision of the pregnancy also includes monitoring of blood pressure and protein in urine to detect disorders of the organ caused by blood pressure.
4. Surveillance should be increased when blood sugar levels in pregnant women who fast for more than 105 mg/dl.
5. Supervision of the fetus using technology ultrasonography (USG) is done at the beginning of the third trimester can help identify the condition of the fetus in order to prevent pregnant women from insulin therapy.

Gestational Diabetes Treatment

1. Pregnant patients with gestational diabetes should perform a nutritional consultation to determine the appropriate amount of nutrients intake of pregnant women and fetuses need every day.

In addition, some pregnant women may be recommended to consume the sweetener without calories to maintain blood sugar levels.

2. For pregnant women who are obese (BMI> 30 kg / m2), need to restrict your calorie intake by 30 to 33% per day (equivalent to 2500 cal/kg per day). This will help pregnant women to reduce the risk of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels).

In addition, limiting the intake of carbohydrates as much as 35 to 40% were able to help the growth of the fetus and fetal expenditure.

3. insulin therapy when needed (in accordance with the instructions of the doctor/nutritionist).

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